Lake Constance, including the short channel called Seerhein at Konstanz, connecting Obersee and UnterseeĪlter Rhein ( Rheintaler Binnenkanal), Goldach ĭornbirner Ach, Bregenzer Ach, Leiblach, Argen, Schussen, Rotach, Brunnisaach, Lipbach, Seefelder Aach, Radolfzeller Aach Gall Rhine Valley (partly forming the Swiss border with Liechtenstein and Austria) The Alpine Rhine running through the Grisonian and St. Rein da Tuma, Rein da Curnera, Rein da Medel, Rein da Sumvitg ( Rein da Vigliuts), Glogn ( Valser Rhine), Rabiusa, Rein Posteriur/Hinterrhein (tributaries of which include the Ragn da Ferrera, Albula/Alvra, Gelgia, and Landwasser) The various sources and headwaters forming the Anterior and Posterior Rhine within Grisons, Switzerland Its course is conventionally divided as follows: The "total length of the Rhine", to the inclusion of Lake Constance and the Alpine Rhine is more difficult to measure objectively it was cited as 1,232 kilometers (766 miles) by the Dutch Rijkswaterstaat in 2010. The river is significantly shortened from its natural course due to a number of canalization projects completed in the 19th and 20th century. The length of the Rhine is conventionally measured in "Rhine-kilometers" ( Rheinkilometer), a scale introduced in 1939 which runs from the 0 km datum at Old Rhine Bridge in the city of Konstanz, at the western end of Lake Constance, to the Hook of Holland at 1,036.20 km. Map of the Rhine for an interactive map, click here: Map) The Old English river name was variously inflected as masculine or feminine and its Old Icelandic adoption was inflected as feminine. The grammatical gender of the Celtic name (as well as of its Greek and Latin adaptation) is masculine, and the name remains masculine in German, Dutch, French, Spanish and Italian. The Gaulish name Rēnos ( Proto-Celtic or pre-Celtic *Reinos) belongs to a class of river names built from the PIE root *rei- "to move, flow, run", also found in other names such as the Reno in Italy. While Spanish has adopted the Germanic vocalism Rin-, Italian, Occitan, and Portuguese have retained the Latin Ren. Rhing in Ripuarian is diphthongized, as is Rhei, Rhoi in Palatine. In Alemannic, the deletion of the ending -n in pausa is a recent development the form Rn is largely preserved in Lucernese dialects. The modern German diphthong Rhein (also used in Romansh) Rein, Rain is a Central German development of the early modern period, with the Alemannic name R(n) keeping the older vocalism. 1200) Rijn (then also spelled Ryn or Rin). The spelling with Rh- in English Rhine as well as in German Rhein and French Rhin is due to the influence of Greek orthography, while the vocalization -i- is due to the Proto-Germanic adoption of the Gaulish name as * Rīnaz, via Old Frankish giving Old English Rín, Old High German Rīn, early Middle Dutch (c. The variants of the name of the Rhine (Latin Rhenus French Rhin, Italian Reno, Romansh Rain or Rein? /i, Dutch Rijn, Alemannic Ry, Ripuarian Rhing) in modern languages are all derived from the Gaulish name Rēnos, which was adapted in Roman-era geography (1st century BC) as Greek Ῥῆνος ( Rhēnos), Latin Rhenus. Among the largest and most important cities on the Rhine are Cologne, Rotterdam, Düsseldorf, Duisburg, Strasbourg, Arnhem, and Basel. The various castles and defenses built along it attest to its prominence as a waterway in the Holy Roman Empire. The Rhine and the Danube comprised much of the Roman Empire's northern inland boundary, and the Rhine has been a vital navigable waterway bringing trade and goods deep inland since those days. The Rhine is the second-longest river in Central and Western Europe (after the Danube), at about 1,230 km (760 mi), with an average discharge of about 2,900 m 3/s (100,000 cu ft/s). The International Commission for the Hydrology of the Rhine Basin (CHR) and EUWID contend that the river could experience a massive decrease in volume, or even dry up completly, within the next 30 to 80 years, as a result of the climate crisis. There are also two German states named after the river, North Rhine-Westphalia and Rhineland-Palatinate. It drains an area of 9,973 sq km and its name derives from the Celtic Rēnos. Finally in Germany the Rhine turns into a predominantly westerly direction and flows into the Netherlands where it eventually empties into the North Sea. After that the Rhine defines much of the Franco-German border, after which it flows in a mostly northerly direction through the German Rhineland. It forms part of the Swiss-Liechtenstein, Swiss-Austrian, and Swiss-German borders. The river begins in the Swiss canton of Graubünden in the southeastern Swiss Alps. The Rhine ( / r aɪ n/ RYNE) is one of the major European rivers.
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